Brain Scans Reveal a Surprise About Neanderthal Intelligence

In 1857, the German anatomist Hermann Schaaffhausen analyzed a human fossil with 'an extraordinary form' that he had never seen before – not in 'existing European stocks', he wrote, or 'even in the most barbarous races.' The curious cranium had been unearthed east of Düsseldorf, in Germany's Neander Valley. From the start, Schaaffhausen decided the skull was at a 'low stage of development.'

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